John Bowlby And Mary Ainsworth s Attachment Theories

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth s attachment theories derive from the idea that in early development infants develop different attachment behaviors in relation to their caregivers. This emotional bond between an infant and their parents can have an enduring impact on future relationships throughout an individual s life. Research has shown that there does not have to be a biological component for an infant to bond with a parent. Instead the bond or attachment is related to â€Å"quality and quantity† of interaction between parent and child. (Boyd, Bee, p. 130) There are four main attachment styles; secure attachment, insecure/avoidant attachment, insecure/ambivalent attachment, and insecure/disorganized attachment. (Boyd, Bee, p. 133) Each of the four attachment styles come with a variety of associated characteristics and behaviors. For example: a child who develops a secure attachment will be an active explorer, easily soothed, and prefers their mother over a stranger. In comparison an infant who develops an insecure/avoidant attachment avoid contact with their mother and has no preference in interaction with their mother over a stranger. Insecure children will not resist interaction from their mother, but they do not seek. Infants who have secure attachment will often seek contact and interaction with their mother. (Boyd, Bee, p. 133) Growing up I had a very nurturing and loving environment. Even though I am one of seven children my needs were always met by my parentsShow MoreRelatedRelation: Infant Mother Attachment and Eating Disorders1510 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelate the links between infant mother attachment and eating disorder behavior. Throughout this paper the two main theorists that are looked at are Mary S. Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Mary S. Ainsworth’s framework of attachment theory began in Uganda, while studying individual difference in infant behavior, which is known as the Strange Situation. John Bowlby coined the theory of infant mother attachment based on object relations psychoanalytical theory and the conceptualization that infants needRead MoreThe Theory Of Development Concepts And Applications By William Crain1076 Words   |  5 Pagesso many beautiful observations.   Our text Theories of Development Concepts and Applications by William Crain  outlines human development by many theorists.   A few of those are  John Bowlby,  Mary D.S. Ainsworth,  and  Ã‚  Erik H. Erikson.   I couldn t help but reminisce about the stages of my own children’s  growth while reading the work of Bowlby, Ainsworth and Erikson.   I remember having my  young children with me when ever it was possible, but what attachments to them might I have  missed while I  was busyRead MoreThe Attachment Theory and Factors Damaging to Attachment1163 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment Theory Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children’s ability to grow into substantial individuals who can thrive in an often harsh world. Constructing lasting and fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not only highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions. Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment is the strong and lasting linkageRead MoreEthological Theory of Attachment: The Development of Emotion in Children1803 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿How Ethological Theory of Attachment Helps in Understanding the Development of Emotion in Children from Adversity? Introduction Attachment theory has been jointly worked out by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. In presenting this theory, both of them have drawn out ideas from the fields of ethology, cybernetics, information processing, developmental psychology, and psychoanalysts. However, John Bowlby is the chief contributor who has originated the essential tenets of the theory. Thus, he has revolutionizedRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theory and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological and social development. Both theories believe that personality beginsRead MoreEarly Infant Attachm ent And Subsequent Development1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the research on early infant attachment and subsequent development. The infant-caregiver relationship is vastly important to the proper and healthy development of an infant and throughout the duration of the infant’s life. However, the types of relationships attained through attachments as well as socialization goals vary across cultures (Gross, 2011).Secure infant attachments are however, extremely important to overall healthy psychosocial development and prosocial behavior and can be analyzedRead MoreHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional Development Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHow does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement i n unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to socialRead MoreAinsworth s Theory Of Attachment1184 Words   |  5 PagesRoxanne Keller Instructor Hira Nair Psychology 0101 Ainsworth’s Theory of Attachment 11/02/2015 Introduction I chose the topic of human attachment because I think it is a beautiful thing to watch. To see an infant so instantly attached to its mother/father. It’s just an amazing thing to see and to experience. In this layout I will briefly explain the attachment theory and its origins as well as how I relate to it. Attachment is the emotional bond that forms between an infant and its caregiverRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Work of Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on Understanding Attachment.1489 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologists Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. To compare and contrast will be to emphasise the similarities and differences of both Harlow and Ainsworth’s work on understanding attachment, to which they have both made great contribution. Attachment refers to the mutually affectionate developing bond between a mother and any other caregiver (Custance 2010). It is a bond in which the infant sees the caregiver as a protective and security figure. Failing to form any type of attachment during the earliest yearsRead MoreAttachment Theory: Childrens Attachment to a Caregivers833 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsive to their needs. Image by Jeff Osborne What is Attachment? Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother

Aristotle on Friendship Essay - 610 Words

Aristotle On Friendship Philosophical Ethics December 6, 1995 Friendship is undoubtedly one of the most important elements in the books of Aristotles ethical principles. Aristotle takes the idea of friendship to a serious degree. He categorizes them into three groups or types of friendships. This report will attempt to define each type of friendship as well as identify the role of friendship in a society. Aristotle considers friendship to be a necessity to live. He claims that no individual would chose to live without friends even if the individual had all of the other good things in life. He also describes friendship as a virtue and as just. Given the above statements on friendship, it is safe to say†¦show more content†¦They are quick to create and destroy friendships because their affection changes as fast as the things that please them do. Aristotle felt that this sort of pleasure changes rapidly. The young also have a tendency to fall in love, thus creating an erotic friendship which is swayed by the feelings and based on pleasure. Finally, we have what is considered the by Aristotle as the perfect friendship. This is called the friendship based on goodness. This kind of friendship is between those that desire the good of their friends for their friends sake not their own. Each friend loves the other for what he is, not for a particular quality. This type of friendship can last as long as the friends remain good. The friendship just might last forever. Aristotle considers it a permanent friendship because in it are all of the attributes that friends ought to possess. This friendship differs than the others mentioned because all the parties involved have each others qualities. There is no need to use the other for pleasure or utility. They are in it for each other. As you can see, Aristotle held friendship in high regard. He considered it something to better the society as well as the individual. His definitions of the types of friendships can make one relate to his or her own friends. One can try to determine the type of friendships that one may have or wish to have with his or her friends. It would certainly be a challenge in todays dayShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle On Friendship1480 Words   |  6 Pageswork The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle addresses the question: what is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that the generally accepted notion of the human good is happiness or, alternatively put, eudaimonia. The difficulty surrounding the age old question, and the topic that Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics primarily addresses, is not what we call the human good, but rather how happiness is defined and what contributes to a good, eudaimonic, flourishing life. Aristotle writes that happiness is anRead MoreAristotle on Friendship1069 Words   |  4 PagesIn book eigh t of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines the three types of friendships that exist in the Greek word philia (a broader definition of friendship than one might think), which are based off usefulness, pleasure, or goodness, the three reasons for liking something: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure and complete friendships. In the beginning, Aristotle says that friendship is a virtue or at least involves virtue. It is necessary to life, since no one would choose to live withoutRead MoreAristotle on Friendship Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle on Friendship We are social creatures. We surround ourselves with other human beings, our friends. It is in our nature. We are constantly trying to broaden the circumference of our circle of friends. Aristotle understood the importance of friendship, books VIII and IX of the Nicomachean Ethics deal solely with this topic. A modern day definition of a friend can be defined as â€Å"one joined to another in intimacy and mutual benevolence independently of sexual or family love†. (OxfordRead MoreEssay Aristotle On Friendship1333 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle wrote on many subjects in his lifetime but one of the virtues that he examines more extensively is friendship. Aristotle believes that there are three different kinds of friendship: utility, pleasure, and virtuous friendships. He also argues that a real friendship should be highly valued because it is a complete virtue and he believes it to be greater than honor and justice. Aristotle suggests that human’s love of utility and pleasure is the only reason why the first two types of friendshipsRead MoreAristotle s Views On Friendship890 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Aristotle s views on friendships he believes that friendship is necessary to live a good life, inspires us to be virtuous, and is a kind of love. Aristotle also believes friendships help people predispose their character and keeps the youth away from errors. Additionally friendship gives support during weakness and helps people be generous and know when they need help. Aristotle views that there are three kinds of friendships, pleasure, utility, and perfect friendships. Pleasure friendshipsRead MoreAristotle s Portrayal Of Friendship1708 Words   |  7 Pagesvirtuous character. While in Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle s depiction of friendship is a lively one, they show affection and their own virtuous character translates to our own. In contrast, Seneca s On The Shortness Of Life suggests that we should seek friends of virtue with the de ad because they possess the ability to always be with us and guide us with their own knowledge of life. While Aristotle and Seneca would rather choose one form of friendship over the other, we can denounce the notion thatRead MoreFriendship Between Aristotle And Nietzsche1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthings that everyone shares. One common thing is friendship. Almost everyone Earth has experienced friendship and love whether it was a positive or negative experience. Aristotle and Nietzsche both have views on love and friendship, but have some very clear differences. This paper will show what consists of friendship to Aristotle, a rebuttal from Nietzsche, and how Aristotle’s beliefs can show and prove otherwise. Both philosophers believe that friendship is necessary in human life but both break downRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Friendship1415 Words   |  6 Pageswould choose a friendless existence on condition of having all the other things in the world (Aristotle).† Humans are social beings, social beyond any other creature in the world. Human interaction is a must for survival. It is in our nature. Aristotle understood this, he even had his own analysis of friendship. In the Nicomachean Ethics written by Aristotle, books VIII and IX are based off of friendship. Today, the definition of a friend is, â€Å"A person with whom one has a bond of mutual affectionRead MoreAristotle s Types Of Friendship2060 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to Aristotle, one can experience three different types of friendship. The first type is a friend who is used for utilitarian purposes. Aristotle, however, quickly dismisses this type. As an example, Aristotle explains that one could never be friends w ith wine; while wine is satisfying to the person drinking the wine, no person ever wishes wine good fortune (Aristotle, 32). In order for a relationship between two people to be considered a friendship, one must want good things for the personRead MoreAristotle s Views On Friendship1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Aristotle attaches importance to friendship within his ethical reflections. It suffices to recall that the Nicomachean Ethics, the most representative of the ethical works of Aristotle, contains two complete books, books VIII and IX, dedicated to friendship. This means that the theme of friendship is given a much wider space than other fundamental ethical issues. However, this breadth in his explanations is not something casual, but rather responds to Aristotle’s belief that friendship is something

Business Opportunities Innovation and Governance

Question: Discuss about the Business Opportunities Innovation and Governance. Answer: Introduction: The market structure for soft drinks in Australia belong to the oligopoly market structure. The explanation is that this market is dominated by few large firms. This market is far from being considered a monopoly in that soft drinks have several substitutes. So the participants lose the ability to utilize monopoly powers. If for instance there was an increase in the price for coca cola products, a consumer may choose to consume other drinks whose prices are lower. The coca cola company in this case may end up losing some market share. Since none of the large participants may be willing to lose some of its market share, the price of soft drinks remain low despite the large number of consumers. Any firm that implements the strategy of cutting prices gains some market share and the other firms are forced to follow to maintain their market share. Since the high demand for soft drinks does not attract high prices, this industry fails to be considered competitive. In competitive markets, price goes up as demand rises. In addition we can conclude that it differs from competitive markets in that we have noted the number of sellers is small and large; the participants for competitive markets are many but small with no influence on the prices. This behavior of only following a price cut strategy but not a price rise one is present in oligopoly market. It can therefore be concluded that its true the market structure for soft drinks in Australia belong to the oligopoly market structure. Oligopoly participants can only compete in terms of output mostly. However they may collude to earn them some monopoly powers. The participants come together and sign agreements to follow price change by the leading firm of their choice (Riley, 2016). Price offered by cartels is higher than when no cartel is practiced as shown in the diagrams below; the kinked demand also vanishes (Welker, 2015). One of the criticism of the kinked demand models is that its beginning of the analysis is on an equilibrium price and quantity of which there is no explanation for the same (Riley, 2016). The second is the fact that it doesnt take into consideration the possibility of collusions which mostly exist in the oligopoly markets (Guru, 2016). The kink is absent with collusion. Price discrimination is not a bad thing. The reason for this is that it acts as a form of income distribution; those with higher incomes are made to pay more for the goods. Those with low income obtained the goods at a lower price. The ability to purchase the goods is maintained for everyone. The government has an important role in perfect markets despite their ability to allocate resources efficiently. The forces of demand and supply that regulates the perfect market without the intervention by the government do not take into consideration the distribution of wealth. Based on the initial wealth endowments, different optimal level may be achieved. If there was a proper distribution of initial wealth endowment, then the optimal point to be achieved would be better. Schlag Mercado (2012) argued that the intervention by the government is required to solve for externalities, redistribution and promoting competition. Externalities cause market failures. An example of externality is air and sound pollution, here the government employs taxes and tradable permits. The government also has an important role in ensuring that there is perfect information (Hargroves and Smith, 2005). Information asymmetry is therefore a source of market failure. Mostly, the concern is on advertising where the government requires that information provided on a product is honest and not manipulative to the consumers. It also make sure that technical information is provided publicly. Steen (1999) noted that markets fail and firms practice monopoly powers. Governments intervention is required in solving this externality by improving resources allocation. Market imperfections is another cause of market failure. The government here uses policies such as antitrust policies or tax policies for RD. The role of the government here is to prevent firms from employing monopoly powers; this is a form of promoting competition. The last cause of market failure is the presence of public goods. Due to their characteristics of being non-rival and non-excludability, they may be underprovided in the absence of the government. The government is the sole provider of public goods. In this case it employs its RD and the public procurement policy. Owing to the harsh threats posed by the impacts of global warming, there are many policies that has been put in place. The gas mostly responsible for global warming is carbon dioxide. The policies are therefore formulated with the aim of reducing its proportion in the atmosphere. One of the policy is shifting from using non-fossil fuels and using other sources of energy that are free from causing additional of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Some policy recommenders argue on the fact that plant use carbon dioxide to make food. So they recommend reforestation as the best policy (Nordhaus, Dornbush, and Poterba, 1991). The third policy involve the government imposing a carbon tax on the carbon emitters depending on the extent of pollution. This makes them to become cautious. Basing my argument on the analysis above, the poor economic growth represented by low growth rate of GDP, high unemployment rate and the low inflation rate, I would conclude that Australian economy is falling into a recession. There is an inflationary gap since there is still growth of output as government expenditure expands above the equilibrium point of full employment. As we noted earlier that the components of GDP = C + I + G + (X M), any increase in any of these components shift the aggregate demand (AD) curve to the right. The equilibrium in the long run is determined at the point where the AD curve, the Short run average supply curve and the long run average supply curve intersect. The fig: panel (b) above shows only the intersection of LRAS and the SRAS at a price level below P1 and real GDP level Yp. The initial AD curve is taken to be at this equilibrium point. After the inflationary gap caused by expansion in the government expenditure, the new AD curve is AD in panel (b). The AD has shifted to the right along the SRAS. This has resulted in a rise of price from equilibrium to P1. The inflationary gap is represented by (Y1 Yp). In order to close an inflationary gap, the government may either employ some nonintervention policy or stabilization policy (Schmitz, 2012). By nonintervention it means that the government should allow the economy to adjust on itself. Stabilization policy (contractionary policy in this case) include the fiscal and monetary policies that will restore the economy to real GDP potential level. The government may either cut its spending or raise taxes (fiscal policy). Minimum wages have a negative impact on poverty. It is the wage fixed by the government below which firms are not allowed to compensate their workers. Though its aim is to redistribute income, it ends up causing the poverty level to go up. Since the minimum wage is fixed above the equilibrium price and the workers may have unqualified skills to get that salary increment, it raises the cost of hiring. Employers are discouraged from hiring at the high cost and the unemployment gap expands as shown in the figure above (Grannis, 2014). More people are pushed to poverty rather than improving their living standards. References Grannis, M. (2014). Who benefits from minimum wage legislation? | The Libertarian Party of Maryland. [Online] The Libertarian Party of Maryland. Available at: https://lpmaryland.org/benefits-minimum-wage-legislation/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Guru, S. (2016). The Kinked Demand Curve Theory of Oligopoly. [Online] YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library. Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/oligopoly-market/the-kinked-demand-curve-theory-of-oligopoly/37335/ [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Hargroves, K. and Smith, H. (2005). The natural advantage of nations: business opportunities, innovation and governance in the 21st century. London, Earthscan. Nordhaus, D., Dornbush, D. and Poterba, M. (1991). Economic approaches to greenhouse warming. In Global warming: Economic policy approaches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Riley, G. (2016). Oligopoly - Tacit Collusion. [Online] tutor2u. Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/oligopoly-tacit-collusion [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Schlag, M. and Mercado, A. (2012). Free markets and the culture of common good. Dordrecht, Springer. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=972033. Schmitz, A. (2012). Recessionary and Inflationary Gaps and Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium. [Online] 2012books.lardbucket.org. Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/macroeconomics-principles-v1.0/s10-03-recessionary-and-inflationary-.html [Accessed 20 Dec. 2016]. Steen, M. (1999). Evolutionary systems of innovations: a Veblian-oriented study into the role of the government factor. Assen, the Netherlands, Van Gorcum. Welker, J. (2015). Ways firms may collude in Oligopolistic markets. [Online] Economics in Plain English. Available at: https://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2015/02/25/ways-firms-may-collude-in-oligopolistic-markets/ [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016].

Ecological Systems Theory Frame Quantitative †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ecological Systems Theory Frame Quantitative. Answer: Introduction: The given case study is about Sam who did not really understand what his culture meant. Eventually he picked up bits and pieces to form a whole idea about the fact that culture is in a lot of things and it is not just in the language one speaks, or the clothes they wear or the food they eat. Culture does not exclude these factors; however, these are not the only dimensions describing a culture. He eventually realized that culture is in the customs, in the ideas, social behaviours and group behaviours, for instance family. Further on he understands that as important as it is to be proud of ones own cultural behaviour, It is also essential to respect the other diverse cultures, their beliefs and values, their social behaviour and everything that comes with them. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an American psychologist, the life of a human being consists of interactions among a number of ecological systems that forms since the birth of a child (Neal and Neal 2013). According to his theory, a child is enmeshed in a number of ecosystems starting from the most intimate ecosystem, that is, home, moving towards, the school, and towards expanded ecosystems like that of cultures and society. According to him, the various ecosystems were the Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem and the Chronosystem (Onwuegbuzie, Collins and Frels 2013). In the present case, Sams Microsystem or his immediate family who were there while growing up were his parents. Although he was born and brought up in Melbourne, Australia, His parents originally came from England. Sams Mesosystem included his two older brothers who lived apart from the parents in a shared apartment which was closer to their Universities. This is a norm that happens in most Aussie families where the children move out after reaching a certain age. His parents taught him how it is essential to be able to respect diversity. The fact that Sams origin was from England, yet they were living in Australia and living a comfortable life must have been the Exosystem for him. Sams Macrosystem consisted of embracing all sorts of diversity although his family did not have any specific religious beliefs, however they did celebrate common holidays like Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving and also had big birthday parties. Therefore, Sam understands the true meaning of his cultural ident ity, that it is the amalgamation of all the mentioned factors. Colonisation The following piece is about the colonisation that took place in Australia by the British due to which the aboriginal Australians had to face a number of hardships. The Aboriginals of Australia live in harmony for fifty thousand years, where they were very close to their families, respected their elders, worked hard to hunt and gather food, and had a varied and rich culture of music, dance and art. They were independent and resourceful. However the British invade their land in the year 1788, and found that it would be difficult to colonize in presence of the huge population of the aboriginal Australians. The British viewed them as lowly and treated them as slaves, restricted their lands, destroyed all of their weapons which in turn caused the Australian natives to starve. The British introduced various domestic animals like rabbits, goats, sheep, which caused a breakout of innumerable diseases, thereby affecting the native population even more. The British did not just stop here; they figured that the native culture would stop spreading if the children were reared differently, with different cultures and sets of values. In order to achieve this goal, they separated about 100,000 native children from their families to be raised into British families. This was enough cause for trauma to both the children and the parents. The children however were not treated as equals to the British children and had to go through acute discrimination, physical and mental abuse in addition to stress of adopting new cultural identities management. These atrocities caused the native people to be devoid of their children, without any assurance of them being returned. All the atrocities that the Aboriginal Australians had to go through, from losing their lands to their children, most of the population fell deep into depression and involved themselves in drugs and alcohol to cope with the situation The human Rights Commission made inquiry about these devastating practices in 1990 and realized the devastating effects that the British invasion had caused. Ten years after the report, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made a National Apology to the natives in 2008. References Neal, J.W. and Neal, Z.P., 2013. Nested or networked? Future directions for ecological systems theory. Social Development, 22(4), pp.722-737. Onwuegbuzie, A.J., Collins, K.M. and Frels, R.K., 2013. Foreword: Using Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory to frame quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research. International journal of multiple research approaches, 7(1), pp.2-8.